Start and end each session with a visible thinking learning task - what I used to think and what I think now - to help implement the Five Formative Assessment Strategies to improve student learning.

“The beauty of a living thing is not the atoms that go into it, but the way those atoms are put together” ¹⁾

Video. Bill Nye - Heat (2min)

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• Heat
• Temperature - A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms of units or degrees designated on a standard scale.
• Conduction
• Radiation
• Convection

1. Temperature is the degree of hotness (average speed of all molecules)
2. Heat is the quantity of hotness (total amount of heat energy for all molecules)
3. Compare the speed (temperature) versus impact/energy (heat) of a table-tennis ball, tennis ball, basketball, cannon-ball - when each are traveling at exactly the same speed*

• IF YOUTUBE FAILS, TRY VIEWPURE:EUREKA - Heat Versus Temperature

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More detailed information about the following videos can be found in the Teacher Workshops section of this WIKI:

AT THE END OF THIS SESSION YOU WILL BE GIVEN 10 MINUTES TO WRITE DOWN IN YOUR JOURNAL ABOUT ANYTHING THAT YOU HAVE CHANGED YOUR MIND ABOUT DURING THIS SESSION. WRITE DOWN WHAT YOU USED TO THINK AND WHAT YOU THINK NOW.

• This experiment will require 4 groups and will e repeated two times, to allow maximum number of students to participate
• There will be 4 students selected for 2 camera teams who will video the experiment.
• There will be 2 experimenters and one data entry recorder per group (total 3 student per group, and a total of 4 groups per session)
• Each group should delegate
  • ONE member to enter data into a Google form using a notebook computer. Login and open the form in a browser before starting the experiment.
  • TWO experimenters to take turns in measuring temperature at the top of each of the conductive materials under test (wood, metal, plastic).
  • Each student should enter the title and date of the experiment into their journal
  • Each student should record their hypothesis
• Place a metal spoon and a plastic spoon into your container. The handles should be inside, and tops outside.
• Fix a plastic bead to the top (outside part) of each spoon with a dab of butter
• Your teacher will pour some hot water into the container
• Measure the temperature at the top part of each spoon at regular intervals
• What is your hypothesis?
• Perform the experiment and collect the data
• Analyse the data
• Discuss the data

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• IF UNABLE TO ACCESS YOUTUBE VIDEO, TRY:Viewpure

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• Does this remind you of electrical conduction?

When any type of light is absorbed by an object, that object will be heated. The infrared light from an electric heater feels hot for two reasons: ³⁾

• Use an infra-red light source to heat up an object
• Use a mobile phone or infra-red camera to view a TVV remote control unit when pressing buttons
• View an ice-block in infrared.
• because surfaces seem black to infrared (IR) light, IR light is absorbed by objects.
• because the infrared light (IR) is extremely bright light (although we do not see it).

A thermographic camera (also called an infrared camera or thermal imaging camera) is a device that forms an image using infrared radiation compared with a standard webcam/camera, which forms an image using visible light.

Figure 1. Thermographic Images - Show how a ball heats up after being bounced - Source: Caltech

You may think these infrared images of a boy holding a ball look unusual, but this is the way snakes normally see things!

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• Place a clear container onto some paper cups
• Place red food dye in centre, blue food dye at each end
• Place a cup of hot water under the centre (below red food dye)
• What is you hypothesis?
• What happens
• If warm air rises, why is it always colder at the tops of mountains? Does hot air really go up (bouyancy)?

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• Hot Air, Bouyancy, Balloons (Smarter Every Day)

1. 'Does hot air rise (due to heat)' or does 'cold air fall (due to gravity)'?
   • When you have two theories to explain the same thing, what can you do
   • To test a theory, design an experiment where each theory predicts a different outcome.
   • In the space station, there is plenty of air but almost no gravity.
   • If hot air rises, then it should also 'rise' in zero gravity. Does it?
   • Does hot air really rise?
   • High above our planet in the realm of satellites and space stations, the familiar rules of Earth do not apply. The midday sky is as black as night. There is no up and no down. Dropped objects do not fall, and hot air does not rise.⁴⁾. In the absence of gravity, there is no buoyant force so no movement is possible physically but however hot air will start exchanging heat with the cooler air by means of conduction and radiation if they are in contact with each other and only by pure radiation if they are not in contact. ( no convection can takes place because of the absence of gravity) ⁵⁾

• NASA - Candle flame in space

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Heat & Light In everyday conversation, when we say something is 'giving off heat' we are describing the emission of a specific part of the electromagnetic spectrum (namely the infrared spectrum). As you pour more and more energy into an object, the electrons get more and more excited (which is the process of absorbing photons), until they emit a photon of light when returning to a lower energy state. As an object gets hotter, the electrons can jump up further and further until when it eventually cools and returns to the ground state it emits visible (or UV/x-ray) light (photons). ⁶⁾

In thermodynamics, heat is a type of energy transfer in which energy flows from a warmer substance or object to a colder one. It can be defined as the total amount of transferred energy excluding any macroscopic work that was done and any transfer of part of the object itself. Transfer of energy as heat can occur through direct contact, through a barrier that is impermeable to matter (as in conduction), by radiation between separated bodies, by way of an intermediate fluid (as in convective circulation), or by a combination of these.[7][8][9] By contrast to work, heat involves the stochastic (random) motion of particles (such as atoms or molecules) that is equally distributed among all degrees of freedom, while work is confined to one or more specific degrees of freedom such as those of the center of mass.

Since heat (like work) is a quantity of energy being transferred between two bodies by certain processes, neither body “has” a definite amount of heat (much like a body in itself doesn't “have” work). In contrast, a body indeed has properties (state functions) such as temperature and internal energy. Energy exchanged as heat during a given process changes the (internal) energy of each body by equal and opposite amounts. The sign of the quantity of heat indicates the direction of the transfer, for example from system A to system B; negation indicates energy flowing in the opposite direction.

Although heat flows spontaneously from a hotter body to a cooler one, it is possible to construct a heat pump or refrigeration system that does work to increase the difference in temperature between two systems. In contrast, a heat engine reduces an existing temperature difference to do work on another system.

Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system.

Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy of particles through the boundary between two systems. When an object is at a different temperature from another body or its surroundings, heat flows so that the body and the surroundings reach the same temperature, at which point they are in thermal equilibrium. Such spontaneous heat transfer always occurs from a region of high temperature to another region of lower temperature, as described in the second law of thermodynamics.

Heat convection occurs when bulk flow of a fluid (gas or liquid) carries heat along with the flow of matter in the fluid. The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called “natural convection”. All convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. Another form of convection is forced convection. In this case the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump, fan or other mechanical means.

Thermal radiation occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium (solid or fluid). It is the transfer of energy by means of photons in electromagnetic waves governed by the same laws.

• HOW THE SOLAR SYSTEM MOVES (Textbook Version)
• HOW FAST ARE YOU MOVING NOW?
• HOW FAST ARE YOU MOVING?
• THE SEASONS _ IT'S COMPLICATED

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